مجله تصویر سلامت
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1400)

In this article, it is intended to examine the Coronavirus crisis from the perspective of the health system. Like other systems, the health system in all countries, including Iran, has various details and points that have been developed over the years. Some of the most important of these points and their relationship to the recent crisis are examined. This text deals with primary health care, which has been recognized for about four decades as one of the most important and advanced issues in the health system. A week after a meeting of the health ministers from countries around the world in the city of Alma-Ata, the former Soviet Union and present-day Kazakhstan, a declaration was adopted that lighted up the future of all countries in the field of health. The declaration that is still helpful and practical after more than four decades of its codification. In this document, Primary Health Care, or PHC, was announced as a means of achieving the great goal of Health for All (HFA) (1). It comprises four principles and 11 components. The components of PHC are the service package that was supposed to be provided in all countries for free, equal, and to all. However, the more important thing is the announcement of four essential principles as a platform to offer these services that countries should provide a way for the delivery of these services by creating such a context (2). It is evident that health services are a set of different and diverse measures that are not limited to the health care system. Perhaps the ultimate goal of many of the services offered in other sectors of development also leads to the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health of the community. Accordingly, the principle of inter-sectoral coordination is an essential and critical policy in the health system and PHC with the assumption that all existing capacities in all governmental and non-governmental organizations must be exploited at all times so that maximum efficiency from a set of various actions is achieved (3). The crisis of Coronavirus (Covid-19) in recent months has highlighted the importance of this policy more than ever before. Possibly, the benefit and integration in the tasks of other organizations in the field of combating the coronavirus have been very fundamental and beneficial, ranging from the armed forces and police and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Basij troops to the capacity of clergymen, Friday prayer leaders and congregation prayer leaders to the actions of other administrative areas such as municipalities, education, the Red Crescent. More importantly, NGOs, health volunteers and charities play a significant role in managing this crisis. A committee called the Health Council was formed in all cities and provinces at the national level to strengthen this principle from the beginning of the establishment of the health care network system in the country in the 60s which was done with the aim of implementing PHC in the country. (4-5) In recent years, it has been operating in the form of a working group on health and food security, and its main task has been to pay attention to the principle of inter-sectoral coordination to promote the health of the people and society.(6) In the crisis of Corona, this committee works in the form of a national campaign to combat Corona at the national, provincial, and local levels. It is responsible for all decisions associated with the prevention and control of the disease with the explanation of the status quo. Some approvals of the committee are very vital and far-fetched, and it has been able to manage the disease effectively. Closing all schools and universities in the early days of the crisis in the country and closing all mosques and religious places a few days later is among the most critical decisions of this committee. Taking into account the cultural and religious conditions and details and different interests and traditions among the people in the decision-making of the Coronavirus control center has been very crucial. All these measures emphasize the progressive principle of inter-sectoral coordination between different agencies and organizations to provide, maintain, and improve the health of the community. Although such measures are very complicated and challenging, it appears that we still should take advantage of this opportunity in the best way possible with the experiences achieved in the crisis of Covid-19 so that they can be influential in the path of health promotion of the community as it was before.

Due to the high limitations of gluten-free diet, it seems that the diversity of diet in patients with celiac disease is affected. Therefore, in order to provide specific dietary advices to these patients, it is necessary to conduct a study on the diversity of these patients' diets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the dietary diversity score in adult patients with celiac disease.

In the present cross-sectional study, 130 celiac patients were selected from the celiac disease (CD) registry database of East Azerbaijan province, Iran. The dietary intake data was obtained by an 80-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. For determining diet diversity score (DDS), food items were categorized in five groups and 23 subgroups. To be counted as a “consumer” for any of the food groups categories, a respondent needed to consume one-half serving. The total score was between 0 and 10 and each subgroup score was between 0 and 2. The higher scores indicate the better diet diversity and the values less than 3, 3-5 and six and over were considered as low, moderate and high diet diversity scores respectively. The data were analysed using SPSS. The DDS was compared between adherences and non-adherents with on-way ANCOVA by adjusting to cofounding factors including age, sex, body mass index, energy intake, disease duration and gluten-free diet duration.

The mean age of celiac patients was 36.74±8.61 years. The mean total DDS was 3.97 ±1.36. The highest DDS was related to the fruit group (1.42 ± 0.68) and the lowest score was related to the meat group (0.40 ± 0.68). The result of covariance test showed that there were no significant differences between adherents and non-adherents regarding the DDS total score and subgroups scoes (P>0.05). The total DDS was less than 3 in 22.5% of patients, was between 3 and 5 in 73.3% of patients and six and over in 4.16% of patients.

According to the results of the present study, the celiac patients had low DDS in all food groups. So, from the practical point of view, necessary educations should be provided to celiac patients to consume the gluten-free alternative to increase their diet diversity.

Water quality is important for preparation of dialysis solution due to its direct relationship with blood of patients with renal failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and microbial quality of inlet and outlet water of dialysis devices in hospitals of East Azerbaijan province.

This study was a descriptive-analytical study in which the water of dialysis ward of three hospitals affiliated to East Azerbaijan University of Medical Sciences was investigated. The results of physicochemical (45 cases) and microbial (163 cases) of dialysis water were extracted from the relevant archives in two stages before and after reverse osmosis treatment during 2014-2016. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis while extracting descriptive statistical parameters. Data analysis was done using Excel and SPSS 23 software.

Evaluation of the efficiency of reverse osmosis system showed that there was a significant difference between water quality, before and after the system. Except for calcium, magnesium, fluoride and nitrate, the concentrations of other cations and anions in 100% of samples were lower than the European Pharmacopoeia standard. Incoming water samples to dialysis machine in 4.9% of cases had total coliform contamination and there was no fecal coliform in any of the samples. The frequency and frequency of tests in hospitals are not observed and despite the risk of heavy metals, heavy metals tests are not performed on dialysis water for the health of dialysis patients.

The need to develop a national standard for controlling dialysis water, testing all quality parameters of dialysis water according to standards in regular times and timeframes, informing hospital managers and environmental health experts about the importance of dialysis water quality in health and increasing life expectancy of dialysis patients is felt.

Nowadays, multi-national hospitals, competitive prices, quality of international standards and the level of specialized technologies are among the examples of globalization of health so that countries compete with each other in attracting medical tourists. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the promotion of Yazd brand as a health tourism destination.

This is a mixed method research, in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data collection is a descriptive study. The factors affecting the promotion of Yazd brand were identified through literature review. Then Expert Panel of 15 health tourism experts with at least 5 years of experience were appraised and approved the criteria. A matrix questionnaire was prepared and presented to 123 tourists who had traveled to Yazd province for taking health services for the second appraise of the identified criteria. Finally, the data obtained from health tourists by using fuzzy cognitive mapping tools and techniques were analyzed, and the final model of the research was drawn by social networks analysis (SNA).

The findings of analysis of experts' opinions data indicate that the factors of validity, brand performance and health tourism marketing are more central than other factors, because the total impact and effectiveness of these factors is more than other factors, so more attention should be paid to these factors.

Destination image has a significant role in the decision-making and destination selection process, which with the increase in the number of new tourist destinations around the world, has led to the growing importance of health services in promoting health tourism and attention to the brand of tourism destination. In order to promote the health tourism brand, paying attention to the three factors of credibility, brand performance and marketing are in the priority of this research.

Critical thinking skills are not learned spontaneously. Higher education system should strengthen critical thinking skills of learners by integrating critical thinking skills into educational programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of problem-based learning and reasoning tests on strengthening learners' critical thinking skills before and after the educational intervention in graduate students of basic sciences.

This study is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in 2020 at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Iran. Participants in the study were graduate students in the fields of medical education and Medical Library and Information Science. Problem-based learning theory and application of reasoning tests in the level of critical thinking of learners before and after the educational intervention; the California Critical Thinking Questionnaire was reviewed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 19 software. Statistical methods such as frequency, percentage and mean standard deviation have been used to study descriptive statistics and the significance level of the data has been investigated using nonparametric Wilcoxon test.

The level of critical thinking of students in the field of medical education before the educational intervention was moderate (2.92 ± 9.01) and weak in the field of Medical Library and Information Science (6.80 ± 80.95). After the educational intervention, the level of critical thinking of learners in both disciplines has significantly increased. In the field of analysis, the rate of critical thinking in both disciplines was lower than other domains before the intervention, which was higher than the other domains after the educational intervention.

The present study showed that designing effective educational interventions in the fields of teaching and assessment methods lead to strengthening learners' critical thinking skills. By using new methods of evaluation and teaching, the education system can produce graduate students with the competency to create new ideas and novel approaches.

Health services management is one of the important fields in health system. Assessing the abilities of graduates in this field will help to identify educational needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the competency of bachelor graduateswho have employed in the health system units.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 graduates, 41 junior employee and 28 senior employees of health-related organizations in East Azerbaijan Province and from the perspective of all three groups. The 360-degree method was employed using a researcher-made validity and reliability questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test.

Graduates in the field of ethics from a superior perspective (4.01 ±0.76), Customer orientation from the perspective of graduates (4.13 ± 0.76), Problem solving from the perspective of a colleague (3.94 ± 0.89), Service delivery management (3.93 ± 0.91) and change management from the perspective of a graduate (3.90 ± 0.85) And in the field of financial management (3.32 ± 1.14), human resource management (3.74 ± 0.81) and knowledge management from a superior perspective (3.46 ± 1.01) had less ability. The largest gap was identified in the field of financial management from the perspective of all three groups, but from the perspective of the graduates themselves, there was a greater gap in the field of information and communication management (3.89. 0.84).

This study showed that graduates in financial management and information and communication management need to be promoted. Therefore, reviewing the educational curriculum, using new teaching methods and holding supplementary training courses in these fields can help to improve graduates' abilities.

Topic evolutions of scientific and academic disciplines can be clarified by drawing scientific maps and identifies emerging or developed topics of scientific disciplines, sub-topics and the relationship between different topics of a discipline. The purpose of this study is to draw a strategic diagram to analyze the developments of the last twenty years of library and information science field.

This was a Scientometrics study with co-occurrence analysis of words that was conducted on ten journals with the highest impact factor in the field of library and information science. Twenty years (1998-2017) publications were extracted from LISTA database and imported into SciMAT software. After preparing the data, all publications were divided into four time periods, strategic diagrams of each period were drawn and topic clusters were analyzed

The largest clusters of the first two periods were “Information Retrieval” and “Bibliometrics”, which in the next period “Citation-Analysis” appeared instead of “Information Retrieval” cluster, but nevertheless the largest node of this cluster was “Information Retrieval”. These clusters were the most developed topics in the field of library and information science

Information retrieval and bibliometrics are at the forefront of library and information science. Sentiment analysis and information literacy with a cognitive approach are emerging topics in the field. Also, studies related to information production and related indicators have led to qualitative research.

Professional qualification-based dentist training plays an important role in providing the health services needed by the community. One of the most important steps in dentistry is choosing the color and matching the color of the tooth with the restoration. Color selection training in the curriculum of Iranian dental schools is provided to students as implicit training in some related courses such as restorations and prosthetics, and there is no separate practical unit for students to learn and practice more. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of workshop training in the quality of tooth color selection by final year students of Tabriz Dental School in the academic year2019-2020.

In a quasi-experimeایntal study; Final year students of Tabriz Dental School entered the study. Students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, after selecting the primary color, through the workshop training strategy, color selection by Vitapan system in the right maxilla incisor 3 patients were taught simple, medium and complex method of workshop training and one week after training the correct color selection It was reviewed by these students. In the control group, color selection was done by students in exactly the same conditions as the case group who had received routine training. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistical

In all three groups of simple, medium and complex patients, the quality of color selection in the intervention group was improved, which was significantly different from a dental point of view; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in all three groups of patients. Also, the effect of training in choosing complex colors was more significant.

The results of the present study showed that workshop training had a positive effect on the color choice of dental students. Because dentistry is a procedure-based discipline and not all procedures are seen in the training curriculum. The dental professor can choose some procedures based on the pervasive need and teach in one workshop day. On the other hand, workshop training can be an proper educational strategy based on adult learning that learners show a lot of desire to learn according to their job needs.

Concurrent with the Covid-19 epidemic, many researches have been conducted to facilitate and expedite the diagnosis of disease, to establish vaccines and possible treatments and to understand the socio-economic effects of this disease. New technologies such as telemedicine, e-Health, virtual reality, expert systems and artificial intelligence prove to be effective in the progress and success of medical sciences and management of infectious diseases and epidemics like MERS and SARS.The purpose of this study is to review the applications of information technology in control and management of Covid-19.

The study was a five-step rapid review based on the proposed Arksey and O'Malley framework. The search was performed in Cocrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Proquest, PubMed and Google Scholar on May first, 2020 using the eligible keywords and search strategy.

24 articles were selected for data extraction from 6,297 articles. The present study is the most complete study of technologies used in the field of Covid-19 Management. Most studies (58%) have shown the ability of artificial intelligence to detect patients with Covid-19 and identify lesions using CT images. Other studies have confirmed the effectiveness of telemedicine systems, electronic health records, expert systems and monitoring systems to reduce contact, rapid screening and proper disease management & control. Also, 46% of related studies have been conducted in China.

Due to high spread of the Covid-19, the use of telemedicine technologies has been more tangible in order to maintain social distancing. Also, because of similarity of Covid-19 symptoms with other respiratory diseases, artificial intelligence applied for rapid screening and diagnosis. The results confirmed more application of these two systems. The results have proven the effectiveness of technology in quick patients’ identification, self-quarantine, diagnosis and monitoring of disease.